Timeline

Authors: Vittorio Bertola and Nicolo Zingales Interoperability is the ability to transfer and render useful data and other information across systems, applications, or components. The combination of transmission and analysis involves several layers of the so-called Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model), requiring the achievement of various levels of interoperability. At a minimum, one should… Continue reading Interoperability

Authors: Luã Fergus and Laila Lorenzon This entry defines what an ‘intermediary’ is, while mainly referring to a dedicated entry on liability. In essence, intermediaries are entities providing services that enable internet communication between different users. There is a broad spectrum of actors labeled as internet intermediaries, such as internet service providers (ISPs), web hosting providers,… Continue reading Intermediary Liability

Authors: Luã Fergus and Laila Lorenzon Infrastructure, according to the Cambridge Dictionary’s definition, is “the basic structure of an organization or system which is necessary for its operation”. More specifically, the Internet Infrastructure Coalition (2018) defines Internet infrastructure as follows: Internet infrastructure is the physical hardware, transmission media, and software used to interconnect computers and… Continue reading Infrastructure

Author: Nicolo Zingales Information fiduciaries are entities entrusted with the management of the personal information of third parties. The concept, first proposed by Balkin and Zittrain (2016), evokes an analogy with professional figures assigned with fiduciary duties due to the relationship with their clients, which leads to situations of asymmetrical power and. For instance, doctors,… Continue reading Information Fiduciary

Authors: Milica Pesic and Tamara Gojkovic In increasingly diverse societies, the label ‘developing democracies’ refers to countries in transition to democracy. The need for fair, accurate, and responsible journalism stands at the top of the requests for rebuilding media for a democratic future. The process of reforming the media system after a conflict, or a… Continue reading Inclusive Journalism

Author: Monika Zalnieriute Traditional incitement to violence, enshrined in Article 20 of the ICCPR and criminalized in many domestic jurisdictions, has taken on new significance due to the proliferation of online platforms and the growth of global terrorism (Bayefsky, Blank, 2018). Social media and online platforms are a way in which to ‘amplify’ the harm… Continue reading Incitement to Violence

Author: Cynthia Khoo Human review is a term specific to the field of content moderation, or how digital platforms manage, curate, regulate, police, or otherwise make and enforce decisions regarding what kind of content is permitted to remain on the platform, and with what degree of reach or prominence, and what content must be removed,… Continue reading Human Review

Authors: Luã Fergus and Laila Lorenzon There is no agreed definition of what human exploitation is; however, international law lists the types of illegal activities related to this practice. Elaborated in 2000, the Palermo Protocol, conceived within the United Nations, is the international legal instrument that deals with human trafficking (Allain, 2013). The Palermo Protocol… Continue reading Human Exploitation

Author: Yasmin Curzi This entry aims to (I) present the definition of hate speech according to human rights law and the specialized literature; and (II) draw a distinction between hate speech and harm. Hate speech is not a new phenomenon, and neither are the attempts to address it. The International Covenant on Civil and Politics… Continue reading Hate Speech

Author: Courtney Radsch A hash is a function that can be used to generate a unique identifier or value that can then be converted to another value and decoded via a hash table and is used for several purposes. With respect to content moderation and platform governance, a hash is akin to a digital fingerprint that is added to… Continue reading Hash/Hash-database