Timeline

Author: Luca Belli In several legal fields, both in international law and in domestic legislation, the concept of due diligence corresponds to what a responsible entity – be it a state or a business enterprise – ought to do under normal conditions in a situation with its best practicable and available means, with a view… Continue reading Due Dilligence

Author: Catalina Goanta Online dispute resolution (ODR) is an umbrella term referring to out-of-court dispute resolution techniques which are offered using technological infrastructures, particularly on the internet (Thomson, Sherr, 2012). As a sub-category of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), ODR is a ‘private independent but binding justice system’ (Mistelis, 2006), by which parties to a dispute… Continue reading Dispute Resolution (Online)

Author: Yasmin Curzi Disinformation is a worldwide phenomenon that mostly targets public persons such as politicians, journalists, actors and actresses, influencers, etc. Nevertheless, its impacts on its targets are felt differently by victims and spectators. As shown by a Heinrich Böll Stiftung policy brief on the subject (Judson, 2021), gender and sexuality directly impact how… Continue reading Disinformation (Gendered)

Author: Giovanni de Gregorio Defining this phenomenon has shown to be far from simple. Scholars from different fields have provided definitions of this phenomenon (Tandoc Jr. et al., 2018). The information disorder has been defined as the mix of ‘misinformation’, ‘disinformation’ and ‘malinformation’ which respectively reflect increasing levels of harm and involve different content (Wardle, Derakhshan, 2017). False information… Continue reading Disinformation

Author: Chris Wiersma In a framework of ‘digital citizenship’ (see Ribble, 2011), “[b]eing a full member in a digital society means that each user is afforded certain rights, and these rights should be provided equally to all members” (id, 35). Digital rights are, in such a general sense, connected to ‘boundaries’ [which] “may come in… Continue reading Digital Rights

Authors: Luã Fergus and Laila Lorenzon ‘Device neutrality’ ensures the users’ right of non-discrimination in the services and apps they use, based on platform control by hardware companies (Hermes Center, 2017; ARCEP, 2018) . That means users can have the possibility to choose which operating system (software) or application they prefer to use, regardless of the brand of device… Continue reading Device Neutrality

Author: Courtney Radsch ‘Deplatforming’, or ‘de-platforming’, refers to the ejection of a user from a specific technology platform by closing their accounts, banning them, or blocking them from using the platform or its services. It is worth noting that deplatforming may be permanent or temporary. Temporary suspensions and impossibility to access one’s account can be considered as… Continue reading Deplatforming/De-platforming

Author: Nicolo Zingales and Catalina Goanta See also deplatforming/de-platforming. Demonetization refers to unilateral action in the form of a sanction that a platform (traditionally a social media platform) takes in order to remove a creator/influencer’s access to the streams of revenue the platform controls. As indicated under two other relevant entries (‘Content creators/influencers’ and ‘Content/web monetization’),… Continue reading Demonetization

Author: Courtney Radsch See also deplatforming/de-platforming. This term refers to the intentional removal and unintentional removal of results from search engines and/or indexing websites. A website can be deindexed using robot.txt, which can be implemented to prevent other sites from crawling pages or sites or manually delisted. Search engines can implement themselves to remove or reduce… Continue reading Deindexing

Author: Richard Wingfield This entry: (i) sets out guidance on how the term ‘defamation’ is understood and (ii) provides examples of existing regulatory responses to defamation. Guidance on understanding the term ‘defamation’ Defamation is prohibited in the majority of states around the world (see below); however, there is no universally accepted definition of the term.… Continue reading Defamation